Experimental studies demonstrated that subcutaneously injection of PRL in rat resulted in selectively accumulation in milk gland ( 15). The secretion of PRL is not limited to the anterior pituitary gland as some other organs and tissues such as hypothalamus, telencephalon, hippocampus, amygdala, septum, brain stem, and spinal cord, showed capability of PRL synthesis in animal studies ( 13, 14). Moreover, the couplomimetic stimulus to the cervix during coitus are also classified as physiological stimuli for PRL release ( 12). In lactation period, PRL is released from the anterior pituitary gland in response to milking stimuli and suckling. Prolactin (PRL), is a polypeptide hormone, which is found in milk of several species including cows, sheep, goats, saws, rats, and humans ( 11). ➢ The analytical methods, which are used for analysis of hormones in milk and other dairy products. ➢ Possible known effects of proposed hormones on human health and ➢ Any implication of hormone assay as a biomarker ➢ Shortly, the main origin, physiologic functions, and the known metabolism pathway(s) of each hormones of different hormones ➢ The pathologic conditions and any other factors, which influencing the normal values of hormones in milk ➢ The level of naturally occurring hormones in dairy products, the key influencing factors including physiologic conditions, diet composition, breed role, veterinary drug utilize are discussed Performing in parallel some in vivo and in vitro toxicological studies to prove the potential biological effects including beneficial or detrimental effects of proposed hormones at the same levels, which are present in circulation system, will be the final step of this evaluation. Secondly, it should be clarified that how percentage of determined hormones are absorbed via gastrointestinal tract and consequently, how percentage of absorbed hormones undergo hepatic biotransformation, which at the end will provide a clear picture of bioavailability for each individual hormones.
XENO ENCORE 5 FREE
In first step, determining of accurate amounts of free and bound forms of naturally occurring hormones in dairy foods must be conducted. However, when a hormone or its metabolite is evaluated as a potential hazard for humans and animals, a few critical points should be clarified. The naturally occurring hormones in dairy foods have biological effects in humans and animals, which are ranging from growth promoting effects that related to sex steroids ( 9), to carcinogenic properties that associate to some active metabolites of oestrogens and IGF-1 ( 10). PGs level in milk samples could be used as a marker of mastitis in cows ( 8). However, evidence is available for active mechanisms like those for progesterone in goats and prolactin in cows ( 6, 7). It has been assumed that most of the hormones are transferred into milk by diffusion. Moreover, the existence of other hormones such as insulin-like growth factor-1 ( IGF-1) ( 3) and local hormones including prostaglandins ( PGs) ( 4, 5), in dairy products has been reported. The most important hormones found in milk and other dairy products by using a variety of analytical methods consist of prolactin, steroids including estrogens, progesterone, corticoids, and androgens. Any subtle changes in endocrine function may alter the growth, development, and reproduction in exposed animals and humans. Moreover, the presence of hormones in dairy products that have the potential to disrupt the physiological function of endocrine systems has raised great concern worldwide ( 2). It is well known apart from dairy foods basic nutritional role many of them contain a number of hormones, which they have capability to mediate specific physiological and pathological functions ( 1). Cow’s milk is frequently consumed, although there is some other geographical variation in consumption of goat, sheep and camel milk. Milk or dairy products such as cheese, butter, and yoghurt are the most important components of human diet especially in the Western culture and recently in Asia. Providing consumer information about the relationship between diet and health over the last decade has been raised and consequently elevated the awareness and demand for functional food ingredients.